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unconscious motive

  • 1 неосознанный мотив

    Russian-english psychology dictionary > неосознанный мотив

  • 2 pulsion

    pulsion [pylsjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
    * * *
    pylsjɔ̃
    nom féminin impulse, urge
    * * *
    pylsjɔ̃ nf
    PSYCHOLOGIE, PSYCHIATRIE drive, urge
    * * *
    pulsion nf impulse, urge; des pulsions violentes violent impulses ou urges; pulsion de mort death wish, death instinct spéc; acheter par pulsion to be an impulse buyer.
    [pylsjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [motivation] impulse, unconscious motive
    pulsions sexuelles sexual desire, sexual urge

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > pulsion

  • 3 निस् _nis

    निस् ind.
    1 As a prefix to verbs it implies separa- tion (away from, outside of), certainty, completeness or fulness, enjoyment, crossing over, transgressing &c.; (for examples see under (निर्).
    -2 As a prefix to nouns, not directly derived from verbs, it forms nouns or adjectives, and has the sense of (a) 'out of', 'away from'; as in निर्वन, निष्कौशाम्बि; or (b) more usu- ally, 'not', 'without', 'devoid of' (having a privative force); निःशेष 'without a remainder'; निष्फल, निर्जल, &c. N. B. In compound the स् of निस् is changed to र् before vowels and soft consonants (see निर्), to a visarga before sibilants, to श् before च् and छ्, and to ष् before क् and प्; cf. दुस्.
    -Comp. -कण्टक (निष्कण्टक) a.
    1 thornless.
    -2 free from thorns or enemies, free from danger or nuisance. (
    -कः) N. of Śiva.
    -कन्द (निष्कन्द) a. without edible roots.
    -कपट (निष्कपट) a. guileless, sincere.
    -कम्प (निष्कम्प) a. motionless, steady, im- movable; निष्कम्पचामरशिखाः Ś.1.8; Ku.3.48.
    -करुण (निष्करुण) a. merciless, pitiless, cruel.
    -करूष (निष्क रूष) a. free from dirt.
    -कर्मन् (निष्कर्मन्) a. inactive.
    -कल (निष्कल) a.
    1 without parts, undivided, whole.
    -2 waned, decayed, diminished.
    -3 impotent, barren.
    -4 maimed.
    -5 inarticulate (a musical term); N.21.16.
    -6 Without attributes, or qualities; निष्कलं निष्क्रियं शान्तं निरवद्यं निरञ्जनम् Śvet. Up; Bhāg.1.9.44; तद् ब्रह्म निष्कलमहं (स्मरामि).
    -(लः) 1 a receptacle.
    -2 the pudendum muliebre.
    -3 N. of Brahmā. (
    -ला, -ली) an elderly woman, one who is past child-bearing, or one in whom menstruation has ceased.
    -कलङ्क, (निष्कलङ्क) -कल्मष a. stainless, spotless.
    -कषाय (निष्कषाय) a. free from dirt or impure passions.
    -कान्त (निष्कान्त) a. not lovely, ugly.
    -काम (निष्काम) a.
    1 free from wish or desire, desireless, disinterested, unselfish.
    -2 free from all worldly desires; विशिष्टफलदाः पुंसां निष्कामाणां विमुक्तिदाः Viṣṇu. P. (
    -मम् ind.)
    1 without wish or desire.
    -2 unwillingly.
    -कारण (निष्कारण) a.
    1 causeless, unneces- sary.
    -2 disinterested, free from any motive; निष्कारणो बन्धुः.
    -3 groundless, not proceeding from any cause. (
    -णम् ind.) without any cause or reason, causelessly, needlessly.
    -कालकः (निष्कालकः) a penitent shaven and smeared with clarified butter.
    -कालिक (निष्कालिक) a.
    1 one whose term of life is over or elapsed, whose days are numbered.
    -2 one who has no conqueror, invincible (अजय्य).
    -किञ्चन (निष्किञ्चन) a. penniless, poor, indigent; प्रज्ञानं शौचमेवात्र शरीरस्य विशेषतः । तथा निष्कि- ञ्चनत्वं च मनसश्च प्रसन्नता ॥ Mb.
    -किल्विष (निष्किल्विष) a. sinless, faultless.
    -कुल (निष्कुल) a. having no kindred, left alone in the world. (निष्कुलं कृ 'to cut off completely, exterminate'; निष्कुला कृ
    1 to exterminate one's family
    -2 to shell, strip off the husk; निष्कुलाकरोति दाडिमम् Sk.; N.22.15.)
    -कुलीन (निष्कुलीन) a. of low family.
    -कूज (निष्कूज) a. still, silent; U.2.16.
    -कूट (निष्कूट) a. pitiless, merciless, cruel.
    -कैवल्य (निष्कैवल्य) a.
    1 mere, pure, absolute.
    -2 deprived of final beatitude (मोक्षहीन).
    -कोश (निष्कोश) a. unsheathed.
    -कौशाम्बि (निष्कौशाम्बि) a. who has gone out of Kauśāmbī.
    -क्रिय (निष्क्रिय) a.
    1 inactive.
    -2 not performing ceremonial rites; Ms.1.58.
    -3 knowing higher know- ledge as a sage, Saṁnyāsin; न्यासे कुटीचकः पूर्वं बह्वोदो हंस- निष्क्रियौ Bhāg.3.12.43.
    -यम् the Supreme Spirit (ब्रह्म).
    -क्षत्र (निःक्षत्र), -क्षत्रिय (निःक्षत्रिय) a. destitute of the military tribe.
    -क्षेपः (निःक्षेपः) = निक्षेप q. v.
    -चक्रम् (निश्चक्रम्) ind. completely; निश्चक्रं हतराक्षसः पुनरगाद्ब्रह्मत्व- माद्यं स्थिराम् A. Rām.1.1.1.
    -चक्रिक (निश्चक्रिक) a. without tricks, honest.
    -चक्षुस् (निश्चक्षुस्) a. blind, eyeless.
    -चत्वारिंशः (निश्चत्वारिंश) a. past forty.
    -चिन्त (निश्चिन्त) a.
    1 free from anxiety, unconcerned, secure.
    -2 thoughtless, unthinking.
    -चेतन (निश्चेतन) a. unconscious.
    -चेतस् (निश्चेतस्) a. not in one's right senses, mad.
    -चेष्ट (निश्चेष्ट) a. motionless, powerless.
    -चेष्टाकरण (निश्चेष्टाकरण) a. depriving (one) of motion, causing motionlessness (said of one the arrows of Cuhid).
    -छन्दस् (निश्छन्दस्) a. not studying the Vedas (छन्दस्) Ms.3,7.
    -छिद्र (निश्छिद्र) a.
    1 without holes.
    -2 without defects or weak points.
    -3 uninterrupted, unhurt.
    -तन्तु a.
    1 having no offspring, childless.
    -2 a Brahmachārin; मुण्डा निस्तन्तवश्चापि वस- त्यर्थार्थिनः पृथक् Mb.12.167.16.
    -तन्द्र, -तन्द्रि a. not lazy, fresh, healthy.
    -तमस्क -तिमिर a.
    1 free from darkness, bright; तस्य द्वितीयहरिविक्रमनिस्तमस्कं वायोरिमं परि- वहस्य वदन्ति मार्गम् Ś.7.6.
    -2 freed from sin or moral im- purities.
    -तर्क्य a. unimaginable, inconceivable.
    -तल a.
    1 round, globular; मुक्ताकलापस्य च निस्तलस्य Ku.1.42. Kau. A.2.9.
    -2 moving, trembling, shaking.
    -3 bottom- less.
    -4 down, below. (
    -ला) a pill, round ball.
    -तुल a. matchless, incomparable.
    -तुष a.
    1 freed from chaff.
    -2 purified, cleansed.
    -3 simplified. ˚क्षीरः wheat. ˚रत्नम् a crystal.
    -4 faultless, pure; शशंस गुणैररीणैरुदयास्तनिस्तुषम् N.15.8.
    -तुषत्वम् faultlessness; कवेः पुष्यति निस्तुषत्वम् Maṅkhaka.2.7.
    -तुषित a.
    1 husked.
    -2 made thin.
    -3 abandoned.
    -तेजस् a. destitute of fire, heat or energy, powerless, impotent; न भेतव्यं भृशं चैते मात्रा निस्ते- जसः कृताः Mārk. P.
    -2 spiritless, dull.
    -3 obscure.
    -त्रप a. impudent, shameless.
    -त्रिंश a.
    1 more than thirty; निस्त्रिंशानि वर्षाणि चैत्रस्य P.V.4.73; Sk.
    -2 pitiless, merciless, cruel; हे निस्त्रिंश विमुक्तकण्ठकरुणं तावत् सखी रोदितु Amaru.6. (
    -शः) a sword; निजध्नुः शरनिस्त्रिंशकुन्ततोमरशक्तिभिः Śiva B.3.19; शूरौर्निस्त्रिंशपाणिभिः Parnāl 1.5. ˚भृत् m. a sword-bearer.
    -त्रैगुण्य a. destitute of the three qualities (सत्त्व, रजस् and तमस्); निस्त्रैगुण्यो भवार्जुन Bg.2.45.
    -पक्व (निष्पक्व) well cooked, boiled.
    -पङ्क (निष्पङ्क) a. free from mud, clear, pure.
    -पताक (निष्पताक) a. having no flag or banner.
    -पतिसुता (निष्पतिसुता) a woman having no husband and no sons.
    -पत्र (निष्पत्र) a.
    1 leafless.
    -2 unfeathered, featherless. [निष्पत्राकृ 'to pierce with an arrow so that the feathers come through on the other side'; to cause excessive bodily pain (fig.); निष्पत्राकरोति मृगं व्याधः (सपुङ्खस्य शरस्य अपर- पार्श्वे निर्गमनान्निष्पत्रं करोति Sk.); एकश्च मृगः सपत्राकृतो$न्यश्च निष्पत्राकृतो$पतत् Dk.165; so यान्ती गुरुजनैः साकं स्मयमानानना- म्बुजा । तिर्यग्ग्रीवं यदद्राक्षीत्तन्निष्पत्राकरोज्जगत् Bv.2.132.]
    -पथ्य (निष्पथ्य) a. unwell, ill
    -पद (निष्पद) a. having no foot. (
    -दम्) a vehicle moving without feet (as a ship).
    -पराक्रम (निष्पराक्रम) a. weak, powerless.
    -परामर्श (निष्परामर्श) a. without advice, helpless; M.4.2/3
    -परिकर (निष्परिकर) a. without preparations.
    -परिग्रह (निष्परिग्रह) a. having no property or possessions; Mu.2. (
    -हः) an ascetic without family, dependents, or other belongings.
    -परिच्छद (निष्परिच्छद) a. having no retinue or train.
    -परिदाह (निष्परिदाह) a. incom- bustible.
    -परिहार्य (निष्परिहार्य) a. To be applied by all means.
    -परीक्ष (निष्परीक्ष) a. not examining or testing accurately.
    -परीहार (निष्परीहार) a.
    1 not avoiding.
    -2 not observing caution.
    -परुष (निष्परुष) a. (in music) soft.
    -पर्यन्त (निष्पर्यन्त), -पार (निष्पार) a. boundless, unbounded.
    -पर्याय (निष्पर्याय) a. out of order.
    -पाप (निष्पाप) sinless, guiltless, pure.
    -पुत्र (निष्पुत्र) a. sonless, childless.
    -पुराण (निष्पुराण) a. not existing before, unheard of, new.
    -पुरुष (निष्पुरुष) 1 unpeopled, tenantless, desolate.
    -2 without male issue; Ms.3.7.
    -2 not male, femi- nine, neuter.
    -षः 1 a eunuch.
    -2 a coward.
    -पुलाक (निष्पुलाक) a. freed from chaff.
    -पौरुष (निष्पौरुष) a. unmanly.
    -प्रकम्प (निष्प्रकम्प) a. steady, immov- able, motionless.
    -प्रकारक (निष्प्रकारक) 1 a. without ditinction of species, without specification, absolute.
    -2 without the relation of the qualifier and the qualified, see निर्विकल्प (7); निष्प्रकारकं ज्ञानं निर्विकल्पकम् T. S.
    -प्रकाश (निष्प्रकाश) a. not transparent, not clear, dark.
    -प्रचार (निष्प्रचार) a.
    1 not moving away, remaining in one place.
    -2 concentrated, intently fixed; निष्प्रचारेण मनसा परं तदधिगच्छति Mb.12.215.17.
    -प्रज्ञ (निष्प्रज्ञ) a. ignorant, stupid.
    -प्रणय (निष्प्रणय) a. cold.
    -प्रताप (निष्प्रताप) a. destitute of glory, mean, base; शङ्क- नीया हि सर्वत्र निष्प्रतापा दरिद्रता Pt.2.94.
    -प्रति(ती)कार (निष्प्रति(ती)कार), -प्रतिक्रिय (निष्प्रतिक्रिय) a.
    1 incurable, irremediable; सर्वथा निष्प्रतीकारेयमापदुपस्थिता K. 151.
    -2 unobstructed, uninterrupted. (
    -रम्) ind. un- interruptedly.
    -प्रतिग्रह (निष्प्रतिग्रह) a. not accepting gifts.
    -प्रतिघ (निष्प्रतिघ) a. unhindered, unob- structed, unimpeded; स हि निष्प्रतिघेन चक्षुषा त्रितयं ज्ञानमयेन पश्यति R.8.78.
    -प्रतिद्वन्द्व (निष्प्रतिद्वन्द्व) a. without enemies, unopposed.
    -2 matchless, unrivalled, unequal- led.
    -प्रतिभ (निष्प्रतिभ) a.
    1 devoid of splendour.
    -2 having no intelligence, not ready-witted, dull, stu- pid.
    -3 apathetic.
    -प्रतिभान (निष्प्रतिभान) a. coward- ly, timid.
    -प्रतीप (निष्प्रतीप) a.
    1 looking straight- forward, not turned backwards.
    -2 unconcerned (as a look).
    -प्रत्याश (निष्प्रत्याश) a. hopeless, despon- dent.
    -प्रत्यूह (निष्प्रत्यूह) a. unobstructed, unimped- ed; निष्प्रत्यूहाः प्रियसखि यदा दुःसहाः संबभूवुः Māl.9.45; निष्प्र- त्यूहमुपास्महे भगवतः कौमोदकीलक्ष्मणः Murārināṭakam.
    -प्रपञ्च (निष्प्रपञ्च) a.
    1 without extension.
    -2 without deceit, honest.
    -प्रभ (
    निःप्रभ or
    -निष्प्रभ) a.
    1 lustreless, pale-looking; निष्प्रभश्च रिपुरास भूभृताम् R.11.81.
    -2 powerless.
    3 gloomy, obscure, dim, dark.
    -प्रमाणक (निष्प्रमाणक) a. without authority.
    -प्रयत्न (निष्प्र- यत्न) a. inactive, dull.
    -प्रयोजन (निष्प्रयोजन) a.
    1 without motive, not influenced by any motive.
    -2 cause- less, groundless,
    -3 useless.
    -4 needless, unnecessary. (
    -नम्) ind. causelessly, without reason, without any object; Mu.3.
    -प्रवणि, प्रवाण, प्रवाणि (निष्प्रवणि, -ष्प्रवाण, -ष्प्रवाणि) a. fresh from loom, quite new (cloth, &c.)
    -प्राण (निष्पाण) a.
    1 lifeless, dead.
    -2 Weak (निर्बल); निष्प्राणो नामिहन्तव्यः Mb.12.95.12.
    -फल (निष्फल) a.
    1 bearing no fruit, fruitless (fig. also), unsuccessful, futile; निष्फलारम्भयत्नाः Me.56.
    -2 useless, profitless, vain; Ku.4.13.
    -3 barren (as a tree).
    -4 meaningless (as a word).
    -5 seedless, impotent. (
    -ला, -ली) a woman past child-bearing.
    -फेन (निष्फेन) a. foamless. n. opium.
    -शङ्क (निःशङ्क) a. free from fear or risk, secure, fearless. (
    -निःशङ्कः) (in music) a kind of dance. -f. (निःशङ्का) absence of fear. -ind. fearlessly, securely, easily.
    -शब्द (निःशब्द) a. not expressed in words, inaudible; निःशब्दं रोदितुमारेभे K.135. (
    -ब्दः, ब्दम्) silence, a calm.
    -शमः (निःशमः) uneasiness, anxiety.
    - शरण a. (
    -निःशरण) helpless, forlorn.
    -शर्कर (
    -निःशर्कर) a. free from pebbles (as a bathing place).
    -शलाक (निःशलाक) a. lonely, solitary, retired. (
    -कम्) a retired place, solitude; अरण्ये निःशलाके वा मन्त्रयेदविभावितः Ms.7.147.
    -शल्य a.
    1 free from arrows.
    -2 free from thorns or darts.
    -शूक (निःशूक) a. merciless, cruel. (
    -कः) beardless rice.
    -शेष (निःशेष) a. with- out remainder (either finished or passed away).
    -शोध्य (निःशोध्य) a. washed, pure, clean.
    -श्रीकः a.
    1 deprived of lustre, beauty.
    -2 unhappy.
    -श्रेयस a. the best, most excellent. (
    -सः) an epithet of Śiva. (
    -सम्) final beatitude, absolution; यः करोति वधोदर्का निःश्रेयसकरीः क्रियाः Ki.11.19; see निःश्रेयस also.
    -2 devo- tion, faith, belief.
    -3 apprehension, conception.
    -4 happiness (in general), welfare; इदं निःश्रेयसं परम् Ms. 1.16.
    -संशय (निःसंशय) a.
    1 undoubted, certain.
    -2 not doubtful, not suspecting or doubting; कुरु निः- संशयं वत्से स्ववृत्ते लोकमित्यशात् R.15.79. (
    -यम्) ind. doubtlessly, undoubtedly, surely, certainly.
    -संस्कार (निःसंस्कार) a. uneducated, ill-mannered.
    -संख्य (निःसंख्य) a. innumerable.
    -संग (निःसंग) a.
    1 not attached or devoted to, regardless of, indifferent to; यन्निःसंगस्त्वं फलस्यानतेभ्यः Ki.18.24.
    -2 one who has re- nounced all worldly attachments; भर्तुर्ये प्रलये$पि पूर्वसुकृता- सङ्गेन निःसङ्गया भक्त्या कार्यधुरं वहन्ति कृतिनस्ते दुर्लभास्त्वादृशाः Mu.1.14.
    -3 unconnected, separated, detatched.
    -4 unobstructed; निःसङ्गं प्रतिभिरुपाददे विवृत्तिः Ki.7.12. (
    -गम्) ind. unselfishly.
    -संचारः (निःसंचारः) not taking a walk; Māl.
    -संज्ञ (निःसंज्ञ) a. unconscious.
    -सत्त्व (निःसत्त्व) a.
    1 unenergetic, weak, impotent.
    -2 mean, insignificant, low.
    -3 non-existent, unsubstantial.
    -4 deprived of living beings.
    (-त्त्वम्) 1 absence of power or energy.
    -2 non-existence.
    -3 insignificance.
    -संतति (निःसंतति), -संतान (निःसंतान) a. childless.
    -संदिग्ध (निःसंदिग्ध), -संदेह (निःसंदेह) a. see निःसंशय.
    -संधि (निस्संधि), निःसंधि) a. having no joints perceptible, compact, firm, close,
    -सपत्न (निःसपत्न) a.
    1 having no rival or enemy; घनरुचिरकलापो निःसपत्नो$द्य जातः V.4.1.
    -2 not claimed by another, belonging exclusively to one possessor.
    -3 having no foes.
    -समम् (निःसमम्) ind.
    1 unseasonably, at a wrong time.
    -2 wickedly.
    -संपात (निःसंपात) a. affording no passage, blocked up. (
    -तः) the darkness of midnight, thick darkness.
    -संबाध (निःसंबाध) a. not contracted, spacious, large.
    -संभ्रम (निःसंभ्रम) a. not perplexed, unembarrassed.
    -सरणि (निःसरणि) a. pathless.
    -सह (निःसह) a.
    1 Exhausted, powerless; कुसुमावचयपरिश्रमनिःसहं मे शरीरम् Nāg.2.
    -2 intolerable, irresistible.
    -सार (निःसार) a.
    1 sapless, pithless.
    -2 worthless, vain, unsubstantial. ˚ता
    1 sapless, pithlessness; निःसारत्वाल्लघीयसः (तृणस्य च समा गतिः) Pt.1.16.
    -2 worthlessness.
    -3 vanity, un- substantial or transitory nature.
    -सीम (निःसीम), -सीमन् (निःसीमन्) a. immeasurable, boundless; अहह महतां निःसीमानश्चरित्रविभूतयः Bh.2.35; निःसीमशर्मप्रदम् 3.97.
    -स्तम्भ (निःस्तम्भ) a. having no pillars.
    -2 having no support.
    -3 not proud; निःस्तम्भो भ्रष्टसंकल्पः स्वान् मेघान् स न्यवारयत् Bhāg.1.25.24.
    -सूत्र a. helpless; निःसूत्रमास्ते घनपङ्कमृत्सु N.7.69.
    -स्नेह (निःस्नेह) a.
    1 not unctuous or greasy, without unction or oil, dry.
    -2 not showing affection, unfeeling, unkind, indifferent.
    -3 not loved, not cared for; केशा अपि विरज्यन्तो निःस्नेहाः किं न सेवकाः Pt.1. 82.
    -4 not longing for, indifferent to. (
    -हा) lin-seed.
    -स्पन्द (
    निःस्पन्द or
    निस्स्पन्द) a. motionless, steady; ज्याबन्धनिस्स्पन्दभुजेन यस्य R.6.4.
    -स्पर्श (निःस्पर्श) a. hard, rough.
    -स्पृह (निःस्पृह) a. free from desire; निःस्पृहस्य तृणं जगत्.
    -2 regardless of, indifferent to; ननु वक्तृविशेषनिःस्पृहाः Ki.2.5; R.8.1; भोगेभ्यः स्पृहयालवो न हि वयं का निःस्पृहाणामसि Bh.
    -3 content, unenvious.
    -4 free from any worldly ties.
    -स्व (निःस्व) a. poor, indigent; निस्वो वष्टि शतम् Śānti.2.6; त्यक्त्वा जनयितारं स्वं निःस्वं गच्छति दूरतः Pt.1.9.
    -स्वन (निःस्वन) a. soundless.
    -स्वभावः (निःस्वभावः) poverty. -a. void of peculiarities.
    -स्वादु (निःस्वादु) a. tasteless, insipid.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > निस् _nis

  • 4 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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